741. Cherry Pickup


In a N x N grid representing a field of cherries, each cell is one of three possible integers.

  • 0 means the cell is empty, so you can pass through;
  • 1 means the cell contains a cherry, that you can pick up and pass through;
  • -1 means the cell contains a thorn that blocks your way.

    • Your task is to collect maximum number of cherries possible by following the rules below:

  • Starting at the position (0, 0) and reaching (N-1, N-1) by moving right or down through valid path cells (cells with value 0 or 1);
  • After reaching (N-1, N-1), returning to (0, 0) by moving left or up through valid path cells;
  • When passing through a path cell containing a cherry, you pick it up and the cell becomes an empty cell (0);
  • If there is no valid path between (0, 0) and (N-1, N-1), then no cherries can be collected.

    • Example 1:

    Input: grid =
[[0, 1, -1],
 [1, 0, -1],
 [1, 1,  1]]
Output: 5
Explanation: 
The player started at (0, 0) and went down, down, right right to reach (2, 2).
4 cherries were picked up during this single trip, and the matrix becomes [[0,1,-1],[0,0,-1],[0,0,0]].
Then, the player went left, up, up, left to return home, picking up one more cherry.
The total number of cherries picked up is 5, and this is the maximum possible.

    Note:

  • grid is an N by N 2D array, with 1 <= N <= 50.
  • Each grid[i][j] is an integer in the set {-1, 0, 1}.
  • It is guaranteed that grid[0][0] and grid[N-1][N-1] are not -1.


    • Approach #1: Greedy [Wrong Answer]

    Intuition

    Let's find the most cherries we can pick up with one path, pick them up, then find the most cherries we can pick up with a second path on the remaining field.

    Though a counter example might be hard to think of, this approach fails to find the best answer to this case:

    11100
00101
10100
00100
00111

    Algorithm

    We can use dynamic programming to find the most number of cherries dp[i][j] that can be picked up from any location (i, j) to the bottom right corner. This is a classic question very similar to Minimum Path Sum, refer to the link if you are not familiar with this type of question.

    After, we can find an first path that maximizes the number of cherries taken by using our completed dp as an oracle for deciding where to move. We'll choose the move that allows us to pick up more cherries (based on comparing dp[i+1][j] and dp[i][j+1]).

    After taking the cherries from that path (and removing it from the grid), we'll take the cherries again.

    Complexity Analysis

    • Time Complexity: , where is the length of grid. Our dynamic programming consists of two for-loops of length N.

    • Space Complexity: , the size of dp.

    Approach #2: Dynamic Programming (Top Down) [Accepted]

    Intuition

    Instead of walking from end to beginning, let's reverse the second leg of the path, so we are only considering two paths from the beginning to the end.

    Notice after t steps, each position (r, c) we could be, is on the line r + c = t. So if we have two people at positions (r1, c1) and (r2, c2), then r2 = r1 + c1 - c2. That means the variables r1, c1, c2 uniquely determine 2 people who have walked the same r1 + c1 number of steps. This sets us up for dynamic programming quite nicely.

    Algorithm

    Let dp[r1][c1][c2] be the most number of cherries obtained by two people starting at (r1, c1) and (r2, c2) and walking towards (N-1, N-1) picking up cherries, where r2 = r1+c1-c2.

    If grid[r1][c1] and grid[r2][c2] are not thorns, then the value of dp[r1][c1][c2] is (grid[r1][c1] + grid[r2][c2]), plus the maximum of dp[r1+1][c1][c2], dp[r1][c1+1][c2], dp[r1+1][c1][c2+1], dp[r1][c1+1][c2+1] as appropriate. We should also be careful to not double count in case (r1, c1) == (r2, c2).

    Complexity Analysis

    • Time Complexity: , where is the length of grid. Our dynamic programming has states.

    • Space Complexity: , the size of memo.

    Approach #3: Dynamic Programming (Bottom Up) [Accepted]

    Intuition

    Like in Approach #2, we have the idea of dynamic programming.

    Say r1 + c1 = t is the t-th layer. Since our recursion only references the next layer, we only need to keep two layers in memory at a time.

    Algorithm

    At time t, let dp[c1][c2] be the most cherries that we can pick up for two people going from (0, 0) to (r1, c1) and (0, 0) to (r2, c2), where r1 = t-c1, r2 = t-c2. Our dynamic program proceeds similarly to Approach #2.

    Complexity Analysis

    • Time Complexity: , where is the length of grid. We have three for-loops of size .

    • Space Complexity: , the sizes of dp and dp2.

    Analysis written by: @awice. Solution 3 inspired by @uwi.

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